• br Experimental Procedures br Author Contributions br Acknow

  2018-10-24

  

  Experimental Procedures Author Contributions Acknowledgments Introduction The reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the fields of biology and medicine, providing new avenues for research and regenerative medicine applications. IPSCs a

• The molecular study of regeneration

  2018-10-24

  

  The molecular study of regeneration in animals such as the salamander serves as an important basis for understanding the limited regenerative abilities of other animals. The salamander is the only tetrapod where full cellular reconstitution of a lesioned spinal cord occurs and where the adult limb f

• sphingosine Although previous studies begin to recognize the

  2018-10-24

  

  Although previous studies begin to recognize the potential complex genetic architecture of leukemia, unambiguous longitudinal detection of leukemic clones remains difficult to achieve. Ideally, clones should be prospectively defined by unique labeling of sphingosine before tumor initiation, and det

• To address this need we have developed

  2018-10-24

  

  To address this need, we have developed a functional imaging approach for CSC identification. The stem cell phenotype in embryonic stem stearoyl-coa desaturase (ESCs) is maintained by a central triad of master transcriptional regulators, OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, which promote stemness by upregulating

• Although GPX is known as a

  2018-10-24

  

  Although GPX2 is known as a gastrointestinal GSH peroxidase, it also is expressed in other tissues (Brigelius-Flohé and Kipp, 2012). Interestingly, its expression level is increased in intestinal crypt stem cells and malignant epithelial cells, suggesting a role in proliferation and self-renewal. It

• To explore the potential mechanism underlying

  2018-10-24

  

  To explore the potential mechanism underlying this interesting phenomenon, we examined the role of mTOR in this process as mTOR is well known for its role in controlling cell growth and metabolism, and more importantly, it is known to crosstalk with GSK3 (Inoki et al., 2006). Indeed, we were able re

• Comparative analysis of transgenic hPAX GFP expression revea

  2018-10-24

  

  Comparative analysis of transgenic hPAX6GFP expression revealed similarities between the retinal organoid system and the mouse retina in vivo. Our analyses indicated a similar sequence of hPAX6GFP+ retinal cell types in mice in vivo, and in mESC- and hESC-derived retinal organoids: progenitors and r

• Reliable cell surface markers in defining hematopoietic cell

  2018-10-24

  

  Reliable cell-surface markers in defining hematopoietic ryanodine with different potential are valuable in assessing well-defined populations for further investigation. Cell-surface markers are of particular significance for hPSC differentiation, as the in vitro system lacks anatomical and morpholo

• For the photoreceptors to function recycling of

  2018-10-24

  

  For the photoreceptors to function, recycling of visual pigments by isomerization and oxidation, from all-trans retinol to 11-cis retinol, and to 11-cis retinal, is essential (Parker and Crouch, 2010). The first essential step of isomerization to form 11-cis retinol is catalyzed by RPE65 in RPE for

• Given the importance of the

  2018-10-24

  

  Given the importance of the master regulatory HOX genes for patterning during embryogenesis, we expect that the ectopic expression of a specific HOX code could allow for enhanced development of desired tissues in vitro. One example is human HOXB4, which is highly expressed in the hematopoietic stem

• A nuance of the conventional conditions has been that while

  2018-10-24

  

  A nuance of the conventional conditions has been that while overall amplification of cell number occurs in the cultures, the percentage of the population possessing regenerative capacity (i.e., SSCs) declines over a several-month period (Kanatsu-Shinohara et al., 2003, 2005, 2011; Kubota et al., 200

• SGC707 In summary we show that calreticulin and TGF

  2018-10-24

  

  In summary, we show that calreticulin and TGF-β signaling intersect downstream of TGF-β receptors I and II. The presence of calreticulin permits TGF-β-mediated inactivation of GSK3β and thus promotes SNAIL2/SLUG-regulated repression of E-cadherin. This condition is sine qua non for the expression an

• These organoid technologies have been pioneered for the smal

  2018-10-24

  

  These organoid technologies have been pioneered for the small intestine (Sato et al., 2009) and later extended also to other organs or parts of organs (Nakano et al., 2012). Recently, protocols for the generation of human brain-like organoids have been developed, including protocols for cerebral (La

• Measurements of light hadrons produced in heavy ion collisio

  2018-10-24

  

  Measurements of light hadrons produced in heavy ion collisions at RHIC energies indeed indicated the suppression of hadron production by over a factor of five in central Au+Au collisions [6]. Meanwhile, no suppression was observed for the same hadrons and high-energy direct photons in case of d+Au c

• Fig also shows the theoretical dependences

  2018-10-24

  

  Fig. 3 also shows the theoretical dependences of the axl inhibitor of the allowed transitions on the width of InGaAsSb/AlGaAsSb quantum wells at liquid nitrogen temperature. The dash-dot line 1 corresponds to the calculated energy of the transitions between the ground state of heavy holes and the f

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